Motivation of Psychology Graduate Essay Example for Free

Motivation of Psychology Graduate Essay The researchers aim to determine the coping strategies and level of motivation of selected Psychology graduates with regards to their personal problems in District One Laguna. Specifically, the researchers seek to establish answer to the following questions. 1. What is the level of motivation of the psychology graduates with regards to their personal problems? 2. What are the coping strategies employed by the psychology graduates with regards to their personal problems? 3. Is there a significant relationship between the coping strategies and level of motivation of selected Psychology graduates with regards to their personal problems? 4. What are the factors affecting the level of motivation of selected Psychology graduates in district one Laguna? 5. How do the Psychology graduates employ their major academic subjects they studied in dealing with their personal problems? 6. Is their course Psychology helpful to keep their selves motivated? 7. Do Psychology graduates have an advantage in terms of coping stressful life events? 8. Do Psychology graduates still implement what they have studied after graduating? 9. What is the major difficulty that they have encountered in their personal lives?

Examples Of Charles Dickens Chthonic Journeys :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Question- In Charles Dickens autobiographical memoir Fragments of an Autobiography what are three chthonic journeys that he faces?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Charles Dickens autobiographical memoir Fragments of an Autobiography he has many chthonic journeys that he never fully recovered from. The essay starts off with Charles Dickens having to work at a blacking warehouse with a pay of six pints at the age of ten or twelve, even though he wants to go to school. His father is in jail due to money problems, which leaves the family with no money to pay their rent. As a result Charles goes to live with a friend and the rest of his family goes to live with the father in jail because they have no other place to go. He faces numerous chthonic journeys, or journeys to the underworld, including his terrible family life, his poor work conditions and low pay, which leads to money problems and his having to work even though he wants to go to school and get an education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the essay there are countless examples as to how Dickens experienced chthonic journeys. One is that his family is in terrible condition. His father is in jail due to money problems, which then left the family with no money to pay their rent. Their father/husband borrowed money from people and never repaid them. Back in the Stinson-2 1800’s if you owed people money and couldn’t pay them back you would go to jail. With no house to live in everybody but Charles Dickens goes to live in jail with their father because they have no place to live. On the other hand Charles Dickens goes to live with friend. With all of this happening, including his family living in jail and his living away from them with a friend just crushed Dickens hopes and feelings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another chthonic journey that Charles Dickens faced was his working condition and his pay. Dickens worked at a blacking warehouse. The blacking warehouse was in terrible condition. There were rats everywhere, decaying floors and extremely small rooms. From this job he only earned six pints a week, which is very little to live on. With getting so little money he could barely buy the things that were necessary to live on. Once he bought things that he needed he had little to no extra money. He couldn’t buy any fun things to play with or extra food for a bedtime snack, which meant that at times he had have to go without food or other necessary items.

A Summary of Quine’s Problems with Carnap’s Philosophy Essay

In his Two Dogmas of Empiricism, Quine addresses what he views as problematic claims made by Carnap. The first problem Quine has with Carnap’s epistemology is about his definition of state-descriptions. The problem is in two parts: first Quine says that Carnap’s version of analyticity is conditional, because it requires atomic sentences in a language to be mutually independent. The second part of the problem is that, Carnap’s attempt to explore analyticity by way of his state-descriptions results in a problematic definition of analyticity, which ends up being more indicative of logical truth. In conclusion, Quine presents a solution to his problems with Carnap positing that the boundary between synthetic and analytic is imagined. In his attempt to define analyticity Quine encounters a problematic attempt at defining the term, by Carnap. Carnap â€Å"has tended to explain analyticity by appeal to what he calls state-descriptions†(195). Carnap’s state-descriptions are problematic for two reasons; one reason is that â€Å"a statement is †¦ explained as analytic when it comes out true under every state description†(195), this necessitates every atomic sentence to be mutually independent- meaning that two statements that mean the same thing are supposed to exist as two completely separate meanings. However, as Quine points out this would mean â€Å"there would be a state-description which assigned truth to ‘John is a bachelor’ and falsity to ‘John is married’, and consequently ‘All bachelors are married’ would turn out synthetic rather than analytic under the proposed criterion†(195). This truth gives rise to the second problem of Carnap’s state-descriptions, that analyticity as it refers to state-descriptions only works for languages that do not contain synonymous words such as bachelor and unmarried. So, Quine submits that Carnap’s state-descriptions are indicative of logical truth, not of analyticity. To generalize, these problems that Quine has with Carnap’s philosophical system equate to a single point of disagreement, that there is an absolute distinction between analytic and synthetic. Quine points to our â€Å"pragmatic inclinations to adjust one strand of the fabric of science rather an another in accommodating some particular recalcitrant experience†(207). Quine believes that Carnap’s drawing a distinction between analytic and synthetic points to our quest for simplicity in science, possibly deriving from a deconstructionist belief that everything can be equated to simplified smaller elements that make up a whole. Quine challenges Carnap’s methodology as well as his philosophical system. To conclude, Quine notes that he understands the philosophical approach attempted by philosophers like Lewis, and Carnap, but does not think that it is a beneficial one. â€Å"Total science, mathematical and natural and human, is similarly but more extremely underdetermined by experience. The edge of the system must be kept squared with experience†(207). Carnap’s constructed language is a scientific one, and since science is based on our experience, when Carnap attempts to encompass our world using his language with strict rules, he does an injustice to science’s close relationship to experience, making his language based on the rules of arithmetic instead. Finally, Quine points to Carnap’s employment of pragmatism as one that comes up short, and does not justify the strict division between synthetic and analytic. â€Å"Their pragmatism leaves off at the imagined boundary between the analytic and the synthetic. In repudiating such a boundary I espouse a more thorough pragmatism†(207). Quine feels that the division between synthetic and analytic has been too hastily assumed, and that a more thorough approach to the relationship would be helpful. He believes that the boundary between analytic and synthetic is too harshly drawn, and that the difference is only in degrees. He asks Carnap to suppress his foundations in our traditional scientific method and suggests that sometimes it is not always pragmatism that shapes our perception.

Why the Formation of Ionic Compounds Is Exothermic

Have you ever wondered why the formation of ionic compounds is exothermic? The quick answer is that the resulting ionic compound is more stable than the ions that formed it. The extra energy from the ions is released as heat when ionic bonds form. When more heat is released from a reaction than is needed for it to happen, the reaction is exothermic. Understand the Energy of Ionic Bonding Ionic bonds form between two atoms with a large electronegativity difference between each other. Typically, this is a reaction between metals and nonmetals. The atoms are so reactive because they do not have complete valence electron shells. In this type of bond, an electron from one atom is essentially donated to the other atom to fill its valence electron shell. The atom that loses its electron in the bond becomes more stable because donating the electron results in either a filled or half-filled valence shell.  The initial instability is so great for the alkali metals and alkaline earths that little energy is required to remove the outer electron (or 2, for the alkaline earths) to form cations. The halogens, on the other hand, readily accept the electrons to form anions. While the anions are more stable than the atoms, its even better if the two types of elements can get together to solve their energy problem. This is where ionic bonding occurs. To really understand whats going on, consider the formation of sodium chloride (table salt) from sodium and chlorine. If you take sodium metal and chlorine gas, salt forms in a spectacularly exothermic reaction (as in, dont try this at home). The balanced ionic chemical equation is: 2 Na (s) Cl2 (g) → 2 NaCl (s) NaCl exists as a crystal lattice of sodium and chlorine ions, where the extra electron from a sodium atom fills in the hole needed to complete a chlorine atoms outer electron shell. Now, each atom has a complete octet of electrons. From an energy standpoint, this is a highly stable configuration. Examining the reaction more closely, you might get confused because: The loss of an electron from an element is always endothermic (because energy is needed to remove the electron from the atom. Na → Na 1 e- ΔH 496 kJ/mol While the gain of an electron by a nonmetal is usually exothermic (energy is released when the nonmetal gains a full octet). Cl 1 e- → Cl- ΔH -349 kJ/mol So, if you simply do the math, you can see forming NaCl from sodium and chlorine actually requires the addition of 147 kJ/mol in order to turn the atoms into reactive ions. Yet we know from observing the reaction, net energy is released. Whats happening? The answer is that the extra energy that makes the reaction exothermic is the lattice energy. The difference in the electrical charge between the sodium and chlorine ions causes them to be attracted to each other and move toward one another. Eventually, the oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond with each other. The most stable arrangement of all the ions is a crystal lattice. To break the NaCl lattice (the lattice energy) requires 788 kJ/mol: NaCl (s) → Na Cl- ΔHlattice 788 kJ/mol Forming the lattice reverses the sign on the enthalpy, so ΔH -788 kJ per mole. So, even though it takes 147 kJ/mol to form the ions, much more energy is released by lattice formation. The net enthalpy change is -641 kJ/mol. Thus, the formation of the ionic bond is exothermic. Lattice energy also explains why ionic compounds tend to have extremely high melting points. Polyatomic ions form bonds in much the same way. The difference is that you consider the group of atoms that forms that cation and anion rather than each individual atom.